Skull base cancer refers to a group of rare but serious tumors that develop at the base of the skull, affecting areas such as the sinuses, nasal cavity, or brainstem. These cancers can originate from different tissue types, including bone, cartilage, or nerve cells, and may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The exact cause is often unknown, but risk factors include long-term exposure to harmful chemicals, previous radiation treatment, and certain genetic conditions. Because of the skull base’s complex anatomy and proximity to critical structures like the brain and nerves, these tumors can be difficult to detect and treat.

Symptoms of skull base cancer depend on the tumor’s location and size. Common signs include persistent headaches, vision problems, facial pain or numbness, difficulty swallowing, and hearing loss. In some cases, individuals may experience dizziness, balance issues, or nasal congestion that does not improve. Diagnosis typically involves MRI, CT scans, and biopsies to determine the tumor type and stage. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, often requiring a multidisciplinary medical team. Early detection and specialized treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.