Parathyroid
Parathyroid Tumors
Parathyroid tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the parathyroid glands, which are four small glands located behind the thyroid in the neck. These glands play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood through the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Most parathyroid tumors are benign (noncancerous) adenomas, but in rare cases, they can be malignant (cancerous). The exact cause of these tumors is unknown, but risk factors include genetic conditions, radiation exposure, and a family history of parathyroid disorders.
MEN syndromes affecting the parathyroid include MEN1 and MEN2A, both causing primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasia or adenomas. MEN1 (mutation in the MEN1 gene) affects the parathyroid, pancreas, and pituitary, while MEN2A (mutation in the RET proto-oncogene) affects the parathyroid, thyroid (medullary thyroid carcinoma), and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma). Treatment typically involves parathyroidectomy to manage hypercalcemia.
Parathyroid tumors often lead to primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition where excess PTH causes high calcium levels (hypercalcemia) in the blood. This can result in symptoms like bone pain, kidney stones, frequent urination, muscle weakness, fatigue, and digestive issues. In some cases, individuals may experience memory problems, depression, or high blood pressure. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels, imaging scans, and sometimes a biopsy to determine the nature of the tumor.
Parathyroid tumors often cause symptoms due to excessive calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). Common symptoms include bone pain, muscle weakness, and an increased risk of fractures due to calcium loss from bones. Many individuals experience kidney stones, frequent urination, and excessive thirst as the kidneys struggle to process the extra calcium. Fatigue, weakness, depression, confusion, and memory problems may also occur, affecting daily life. Digestive issues such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and loss of appetite are common, along with high blood pressure and irregular heart rhythms in severe cases. If these symptoms persist, medical evaluation is essential for early diagnosis and treatment.
The risk factors for parathyroid tumors include genetic conditions, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), which increases the likelihood of developing tumors in the parathyroid glands. Radiation exposure to the head or neck, often from cancer treatments, is another significant risk factor. A family history of parathyroid disorders may also elevate the chances of developing these tumors. Additionally, chronic kidney disease and low vitamin D levels can contribute to abnormal parathyroid function. While most parathyroid tumors are benign, understanding these risk factors can help with early detection and preventive measures.